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"Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the ax." - Abraham LincolnFor the do-it-yourself investor, knowing your strengths and weaknesses - as well as how much time and effort you are willing to commit to charting your investment course - will put you in the best position to succeed. This article will address the best ways to break down the often-daunting task of understanding and allocating your investments.
Make an Assessment
The best place to start any journey is by knowing where you currently stand. Generally speaking, the younger you are, the more willing you should be to take on risk. It is not vital at this point to be pouring 100% of your expendable funds into investing. If you are taking part in some retirement account funding, such as a 401(k) or an individual retirement account (IRA), you can rest easier knowing that you are on the right path toward a healthy retirement. For those investors under age 35, to be even marginally knowledgeable about your investments is an improvement over the majority of your parents at that age.
Your time horizon, or how long before you need to touch the money, goes hand in hand with your age. If your time horizon is 25 years or more, you can consider yourself near the top of the risk profile for investing. This does not mean that you should be taking foolish risks, but rather that you can participate fully in the equity markets should you decide to. While stock market returns are, by their very nature, more volatile than other asset classes, consider that there has been no measured period in the U.S. stock market over 25 years where anything has earned a higher return than stocks.
Gauge your investment knowledge by asking yourself a few simple questions. (This is not meant to be a critical exercise, but simply an objective one.) Have you ever done a full fundamental analysis of a stock prior to purchasing it? Do you understand the basics of asset allocation and diversification? Do you understand the nature of fixed-income products?
If you cannot answer a definitive "yes" to these, it would be best to simply create an overall asset allocation in line with your age, and from there invest in a few managed funds to start.
Know What You Have
Being aware of where you are is just as important as being aware of what you own. Start with the most recent statements from any investments or plans you currently have, and determine what percentage you have in stocks versus bonds and cash. Next, decide how much time you wish to spend on your personal investing. The goal here is to come up with an actual number in terms of hours per week. The higher the ratio of individual stocks to funds that you hold, the greater the time commitment will be. If you feel that you can devote four to five hours per week to research, you can aim toward owning a few individual stocks in your portfolio. The ratio of how much time you should set aside per stock is a relative figure and will depend on your knowledge and experience, so be prepared for this figure to change over time.
Assess Your Informational Sources
You don't need to subscribe to expensive data services to find the data you need to conduct stock analysis. You can find publicly available information easily using free internet sources – earnings reports, press releases, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, balance and cash flow statements, and all the other data points you'll need in your analysis. Find a few trusted sites that have the information in a format you like, and create links through your web browser so that you can access them in a timely fashion. Any reputable website will tell you where its data is coming from and how often it is being updated, so you can feel confident that your information is current and accurate.
Literally tens of thousands of stocks are out there to choose from, so look to set minimum guidelines to streamline your due diligence. A market cap minimum or a valuation cap is an easy way to filter down the huge universe of stocks into a subset that you can review more fully. Many free stock screeners can do this task for you.
Draw Up a Strategy
There are many advantages to creating a base asset allocation with mutual funds or exchange traded funds (ETFs). This can take a lot of the pressure off of you. With these investments, you don't have to select every holding in your portfolio. Decide what area of the market interests you the most, whether it is a specific sector/industry or an asset class, and gain the experience of managing this portion of your portfolio more directly. Look up a general market index like the S&P 500 and review the sector breakdown. It would be wise to not diverge too much from these sector weightings in your own portfolio. If you have 60% of your money in technology stocks when they represent only 15% of the S&P, you have a dangerous over-allocation of resources - even for the most skillful of investors.
Let's say, for example, that you want to research directly and purchase your own healthcare and technology stocks, which together comprise about 30% of the overall market. You could construct a portfolio of ETFs in all the other sectors except healthcare and technology, and keep that 25-30% for you to invest in individual stocks in those two sectors.
It's a good idea to keep a "watch list" of stocks that you have researched and found some interest in. It may be a company you really like that currently is valued fully, or a small company that you'd like to keep an eye on. Review this list weekly for any material changes. When selling a stock out of your portfolio, this will become a natural place to begin looking for a replacement.
Re-Assess and Adjust Your Strategy
Pick a schedule for assessing your progress. This isn't so much about seeing how your returns stack up to some benchmark as it is a chance to review your overall asset allocation and your learning progress. If your ratio of stocks to bonds has changed significantly, you'll want to bring it back into balance. When reviewing your individual stock holdings, look over the fundamentals again to make sure nothing has changed significantly. If you feel on top of things and want to increase the percentage of your holdings that you manage directly, you can do so knowing that you are re-allocating thoughtfully and prudently. Also, understand that this means your hourly time commitment will increase.
Find Joy in the Journey
Understand that you always will be learning, and that this should be the goal of any individual investor. There is so much to learn, and a six-month or one-year time table won't get the job done. This is the time to remember the old adage, "It's the journey, not the destination that counts." It won't be long before you find yourself making major strides in your understanding of all things financial. And if you find you've reached a point that you're comfortable with and don't feel like taking it any further, you can branch out to other investments. You should be able to tackle mutual funds, or other vehicles, with the confidence that you've got a grasp of what is going on in your portfolio. Time spent on learning more about investing, whether in stocks or not, always pays a hefty dividend.
